Brian Boru, High King of Ireland

Brian Boru was born circa 927 at Kincora, Killaloe, Ireland. He
married Mor. He married Eachraidh Ui Aeda Odba.
He He became king of Munster after the death of his brother Mathgamain in
976. He Having established unchallenged rule over his home Province of
Munster, Brian turned to extending his authority over the neighboring
provinces of Leinster to the east and Connacht to the north. By doing so,
he came into conflict with High King Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill whose
power base was the Province of Meath. For the next fifteen years, from 982
to 997, High King Máel Sechnaill repeatedly led armies into Leinster and
Munster, while Brian, like his father and brother before him, led his naval
forces up the Shannon to attack Connacht and Meath on either side of the
river. He suffered quite a few reverses in this struggle, but appears to
have learned from his setbacks. He developed a military strategy that would
serve him well throughout his career: the coordinated use of forces on both
land and water, including on rivers and along Ireland's coast. Brian's
naval forces, which included contingents supplied by the Hiberno-Norse
cities that he brought under his control, provided both indirect and direct
support for his forces on land. Indirect support involved a fleet making a
diversionary attack on an enemy in a location far away from where Brian
planned to strike with his army. Direct support involved naval forces
acting as one arm in a strategic pincer, the army forming the other arm.
In 996 Brian finally managed to control the province of Leinster, which may
have been what led Máel Sechnaill to reach a compromise with him in the
following year. By recognising Brian's authority over Leth Moga, that is,
the Southern Half, which included the Provinces of Munster and Leinster
(and the Hiberno-Norse cities within them), Máel Sechnaill was simply
accepting the reality that confronted him and retained control over Leth
Cuinn, that is, the Northern Half, which consisted of the Provinces of
Meath, Connacht, and Ulster.
Precisely because he had submitted to Brian's authority, the King of
Leinster was overthrown in 998 and replaced by Máel Morda mac Murchada.
Given the circumstances under which Máel Morda had been appointed, it is
not surprising that he launched an open rebellion against Brian's
authority. In response, Brian assembled the forces of the Province of
Munster with the intention of laying siege to the Hiberno-Norse city of
Dublin, which was ruled by Máel Morda's ally and cousin, Sigtrygg
Silkbeard. Together Máel Morda and Sigtrygg determined to meet Brian's army
in battle rather than risk a siege. Thus, in 999, the opposing armies
fought the Battle of Glen Mama. The Irish annals all agree that this was a
particularly fierce and bloody engagement, although claims that it lasted
from morning until midnight, or that the combined Leinster-Dublin force
lost 4,000 killed are open to question. In any case, Brian followed up his
victory, as he and his brother had in the aftermath of the Battle of
Sulcoit thirty-two years before, by capturing and sacking the enemy's city.
Once again, however, Brian opted for reconciliation; he requested Sigtrygg
to return and resume his position as ruler of Dublin, giving Sigtrygg the
hand of one of his daughters in marriage, just as he had with the Eoganacht
King, Cian. It may have been on this occasion that Brian married Sigtrygg's
mother and Máel Morda's sister Gormflaith, the former wife of Máel
Sechnaill. She was known as Gormflaith MacFinn. He became High King
of Ireland in 1002. He Máel Mórda mac Murchada of Leinster had only
accepted Brian's authority grudgingly and in 1012 rose in rebellion. The
Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh relates a story in which one of Brian's sons
insults Máel Morda, which leads him to declare his independence from
Brian's authority. Whatever the actual reason was, Máel Morda sought allies
with which to defy the High-King. He found one in a regional ruler in
Ulster who had only recently submitted to Brian. Together they attacked the
Province of Meath, where the former High King Máel Sechnaill sought Brian's
help to defend his Kingdom. In 1013 Brian led a force from his own Province
of Munster and from southern Connacht into Leinster; a detachment under his
son, Murchad, ravaged the southern half of the Province of Leinster for
three months. The forces under Murchad and Brian were reunited on 9
September outside the walls of Dublin. The city was blockaded, but it was
the High King's army that ran out of supplies first, so that Brian was
forced to abandon the siege and return to Munster around the time of
Christmas.
He married Dub Choblaig.
Máel Morda may have hoped that by defying Brian, he could enlist the aid of
all the other regional rulers Brian had forced to submit to him. If so, he
must have been sorely disappointed; while the entire Province of Ulster and
most of the Province of Connacht failed to provide the High King with
troops, they did not, with the exception of a single ruler in Ulster,
provide support for Máel Morda either. His inability to obtain troops from
any rulers in Ireland, along with his awareness that he would need them
when the High King returned in 1014, may explain why Máel Morda sought to
obtain troops from rulers outside of Ireland. He instructed his subordinate
and cousin, Sigtrygg, the ruler of Dublin, to travel overseas to enlist
aid.
Sigtrygg sailed to Orkney, and on his return stopped at the Isle of Man.
These islands had been seized by the Vikings long before and the Hiberno-
Norse had close ties with Orkney and the Isle of Man. There was even a
precedent for employing Norsemen from the isles; they had been used by
Sigtrygg's father, Amlaíb Cuarán, in 980, and by Sigtrygg himself in 990.
Their incentive was loot, not land. Contrary to the assertions made in the
Cogadh Gaedhil re Gallaibh, this was not an attempt by the Vikings to
reconquer Ireland. All of the Norsemen, both the Norse-Gaels of Dublin and
the Norsemen from the Isles, were in the service of Máel Morda. It should
be remembered that the High King had 'Vikings' in his army as well; mainly
the Hiberno-Norse of Limerick (and probably those of Waterford, Wexford,
and Cork as well), but, according to some sources, a rival gang of Norse
mercenaries from the Isle of Man.
Essentially this could be characterised as an Irish civil war in which
foreigners participated as minor players.
Along with whatever troops he obtained from abroad, the forces that Brian
mustered included the troops of his home Province of Munster, those of
Southern Connacht, and the men of the Province of Meath, the latter
commanded by his old rival Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill. He may have
outnumbered Máel Morda's army, since Brian felt secure enough to dispatch a
mounted detachment under the command of his youngest son, Donnchad, to raid
southern Leinster, presumably hoping to force Máel Morda to release his
contingents from there to return to defend their homes. Unfortunately for
the High King, if he had had a superiority in numbers it was soon lost. A
disagreement with the King of Meath resulted in Máel Sechnaill withdrawing
his support (Brian sent a messenger to find Donnchad and ask him to return
with his detachment, but the call for help came too late). To compound his
problems, the Norse contingents, led by Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney
and Brodir of the Isle of Man, arrived on Palm Sunday, 18 April, 1014. The battle
would occur five days later, on Good Friday.
The fighting took place just north of the city of Dublin, at Clontarf (now
a prosperous suburb). It may well be that the two sides were evenly
matched, as all of the accounts state that the Battle of Clontarf lasted
all day. Although this may be an exaggeration, it does suggest that it was
a long, drawn-out fight.
There are many legends concerning how Brian was killed, from dying in a
heroic man-to-man combat to being killed by the fleeing Viking mercenary
Brodir while praying in his tent at Clontarf[citation needed]. He is said
to be buried in the grounds of St. Patrick's Cathedral in the city of
Armagh. Legend dictates he is buried at the north end of the church.
He is our ancestor thru two of his sons, Donnchad and Tadhg. Truthfully, this is more for fun as it's hard to prove ancestry this far back.

Sir John Hawkwood and the White Company

He was born circa 1335. Hawkwood's youth is shrouded in tales and legends
and it is unclear how he exactly became a soldier. According to the most
accepted tales, he was a second son of a tanner in Sible Hedingham in Essex
and was apprenticed in London. Other tales also claim that he was a tailor before he became a
soldier. He began military service Hawkwood served in the English army in
France in the first stages of the Hundred Years' War under Edward III.
According to different traditions Hawkwood fought in the battles of Crécy
and/or Poitiers but there is no direct evidence of either. Different
traditions maintain that the King or Edward, the Black Prince knighted him.
It has also been speculated that he assumed the title with the support of
his soldiers. His service ended after the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360. He
Hawkwood moved to Burgundy and joined the small mercenary companies that
fought for money in France. Later he was part of the self-named Great
Company that fought against Papal troops near Avignon.
In the beginning of the 1360s Hawkwood had risen to be commander of the
White Company. In 1363 Hawkwood's men were part of the companies that the
marquis of Montferrat hired and led over the Alps to fight first against
the Green Count at Lanzo Torinese and then against Milan in the areas of
Alessandria, Tortona and Novara. Forced to leave Piedmont by the Visconti’s
condottiere Luchino dal Verme, Hawkwood and his troops nevertheless
remained in Italy in 1363. Under Hawkwood's command, the company gained
a good reputation and he became a popular mercenary commander. His success
was varied, but he exploited the shifting allegiances and power politics of
Italian factions for his own benefit.
Italian cities concentrated on trade and hired mercenaries instead of
forming standing armies. Hawkwood often played his employers and their
enemies against each other. He might get a contract to fight on one side
and then demand a payment from the other in order not to attack them. He
also could just change sides, keeping his original payment. Sometimes one
party hired him so that he would not work for their enemies.
If not paid, mercenaries like Hawkwood, could threaten their employers with
desertion or pillage. However part of the White Company's reputation was
built upon the fact that Sir John's men were far less likely to desert
dangerous situations than other mercenaries and Hawkwood soon grew much
richer than many other condottiere. He bought estates in the Romagna and in
Tuscany, a castle at Montecchio Vesponi. Despite all this, it is claimed
that he was illiterate. His education was rudimentary at best,
contemporaries specifically remarked at his lack of oratory skills, and
much of his business and correspondence was done by proxy and later his
wife. He He attended the wedding of Lionel of Antwerp to Violante,
daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti, in Milan. Also in attendance were the
literary stars of the era Chaucer, Jean Froissart and Petrarch in 1368.
When Hawkwood's company was fighting
for the Pope against Florence in the War of the Eight Saints, Florence made
an agreement with him and paid him not to attack for three months in 1375.
He married Donnina Visconti, daughter of Bernabo Visconti,
circa 1377. Hawkwood led the destruction of Cesena by mercenary armies,
acting in the name of Pope Gregory XI. One tale claims that he had promised
the people that they would be spared, but cardinal Robert of Geneva ordered
them all killed. Shortly after, he switched allegiance to the anti-papal
league and married Donnina Visconti, the illegitimate daughter of Bernabò
Visconti, the Duke of Milan. A quarrel with Bernardo soon ended the
alliance, and Hawkwood instead signed an agreement with Florence in 1377.
He Richard II of England appointed him as ambassador to the Roman Court in
1381. Hawkwood, fighting for Padova, fought Giovanni Ordelaffi from
Forlì, fighting for Verona in the Battle of Castagnaro, and won in 1387.
In the 1390s Hawkwood became a commander-in-chief of the army of
Florence in the war against the expansion of Gian Galeazzo Visconti of
Milan. Hawkwood's army invaded Lombardy and was within ten miles of Milan
before he had to retreat over Adige river. Later in the year, forces under
his command defended Florence and later defeated the Milanese force of
Jacopo dal Verme. Eventually Visconti sued for peace. Contemporary opinion
in Florence regards Hawkwood as a savior of Florence's independence against
Milanese expansion.
At that stage Florence had given him citizenship and a pension. He spent
his latter years in a villa in the vicinity of Florence in 1390. He died
between 16 Mar 1394 and 17 Mar 1394 at Florence, Italy.
He was buried with state honors in the Duomo.
Shortly afterwards, Richard II asked for his body to be returned to his native England.
He is the ancestor of my husband's father, thru his daughter, Antiocha, who married
Sir William de Coggeshall.

William de Peverel of Haddon Hall

The origins of the hall date to the 11th century. William Peverel, illegitimate son of William the Conqueror,
held the manor of Haddon in 1087, when the survey which resulted in the Domesday Book was undertaken.

William de Peverel was probably the illegitimate son of William the Conqueror and Maud Ingelrica
who later married Ranulph de Peverel. William was greatly honoured after the Norman
Conquest, receiving over a hundred holdings in central England from the
king, William the Conqueror. He was born illegitimate circa 1040. He
began military service in 1066 where he is shown in 'The Battle Abbey Roll' to
have fought at the Battle of Hastings. He married Adeline.
In 1086, the Domesday Book records William as holding substantial land
(162 lordships), collectively called the Honour of Peverel, in
Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, including Nottingham Castle.He also
built Peveril Castle, Castleton, Derbyshire. Peverel is one of people
explicitly recorded in the Domesday Book as having built castles in 1086.
He died circa 1115. He is the ancestor of Kenneth Earl Williams thru his daughter, Adelise, who
married Richard de Rieviers. He is also the ancestor of Eleanor Fairchild Williams thru his son,
William who married Avicia de Lancaster.

Haddon Hall has been used as the set for many movies, including the newest version of Jane Eyre and the 2005 version of Pride and Prejudice.

8 Original Settlers of Danbury, Connecticut

THOMAS TAYLOR was also an founder of Norwalk, Ct. The General Assembly of May 1684 "appoynted. .a committee for to order the planting of a Towne above Norwalke or Fayrefeild". In the same year eight families "trekked through Sugar Hollow and over Pandanarum" to settle there. Thomas Taylor’s family was one of those families. He married Rebecca Ketchum, daughter of Edward. He survived all the original settlers, and died in January, 1735, aged 92 yrs. He had 10 children and their average life span was 85 years. Only 3 lived to be less than 80. He was the first representative to the General Assembly from Danbury. His son Nathan was the grandfather of P.T. Barnum. He was the 9th great-grandfather of my mother, Eleanor Fairchild.

JOHN HOYT was born at Windsor, Ct. Five of his children were born in Norwalk, Ct. He lived to a very ripe old age. He owned land in Fairfield and Norwalk, Ct. Before helping to establish Danbury. He and the other founders of Danbury purchased their land directly from the Indian proprietors. He was the 9th great-uncle of my mother, Eleanor Fairchild.

JAMES BENEDICT and SAMUEL BENEDICT were brothers who came from Norwalk, Ct. Their Father, Thomas, was appointed to make a new settlement in 1684 at Paquiage, later named Danbury. His sons, James and Samuel settled the new village. At the session of the General Assembly in May 1702, a patent was granted, giving town-privilages to the inhabitants and proprietors of Danbury. James and his brother John married two Gregory sisters. My mother descends from James Benedict.

JUDAH GREGORY is the ninth great-grandfather of my mother, Eleanor Fairchild, and is the brother of Sarah Gregory, wife of James Benedict.

Francis Bushnell, Thomas Barnum, and James Beebe were also among the 8 original settlers of Danbury Connecticut, but are not directly related to my family.

Philip Gereardy of New Amsterdam

Philip Gereardy was born in Holland. In 1642 he was
in Manhattan, New York, New York, United States of America. He married
Maritje Pollet in Holland. Philip Gereardy was an early
inhabitant of Manhattan, where he
contracted with Juriaen of Osnaburgh for a house. It seems that Juriaen
did not build the house in the time agreed upon, for in the spring of 1641
two witnesses swore to the agreement and Philip obtained a judgment in
his favor on the 13th of June. In a year or two he received a grant of a
house lot on the north side of the first road from the fort to the ferry,
on the present Stone street between Whitehall and Broad streets. This was
known first as " the road," later a part of it as the Brouwer straat; it was
the first street paved with stone, and the place of residence of the
wealthy people of the town, such as Frederick Philipse of Philipse manor. Here
,Philip, his wife Marie Pollet, and their son Jan lived. May 24, 1644 .
Philip received by patent a double lot on the common highway, " on the
east side of Broadway between Beaver Street and Exchange Place, 110
feet front by 230 feet deep" in 1644 at Manhattan, New York, New York,
United States of America.
In 1642 a stone tavern for the accommodation of travellers was erected,fronting
on the East river. It was south of the road to the ferry "in the
present north-west corner of Pearl street and Coenties alley," wrote
Valenthie in 1853. As landlord of this tavern Gereardy became a conspicuous
man in New Amsterdam. Prize money was often left in his hands for
safekeeping. In January, 1642, he was in trouble for selling beer at a
higher rate than that allowed by the ordinance, but was permitted to escape
punishment. Not so three months later when he was again in trouble,
this time for being absent from guard duty without leave. There is a fine
irony in the sentence which couples his two vocations: "To ride the wooden
horse during parade, with a pitcher in one hand and a drawn sword in the
other." Philip had been released from this undesirable position scarcely a
twelve-month when he was seriously wounded while conducting Jan Jansen
Damen home one night— probably after an evening spent at the tavern.
Damen, a wealthy man and part owner of the privateer La Garce, defended
Stuyvesant in Holland in 1649-50, and died upon his return in 1651.
Meanwhile Philip did not always pay his debts, and Augustyn Herrmans
in October, 1644, complained of Philip's lack of attention to bills for
wine.Little by little, however, he prospered; and when the city authorities,
March 13, 1653, drew up a "list of the persons who shall provisionally
contribute tlie following sums for Hie purpose of putting this city in a
state of defence,"he was slated for the moderate tax of fifty guilders. In 1653
the tavern was turned over to the magistracy for a city hall or " stadt
huys"; and October 15, 1653, Peter Wolfertsen van Couwenhoven sold to
Philip the lot " situate where the sign of the While Horse hangs out, right
opposite the Winckel street, New Amsterdam." Van Couwenhoven and
his older brother Jacob were leading brewers. Peter himself was Schepen
for six years, and lieutenant of the militia company, a near neighbor of
the Gereardy family, and a witness at the christening of Philip's
grandchildren. .
This property was no doubt acquired by Philip in order to continue his
business. Philip and his wife were often witnesses at church christenings,
and Philip was in 1646 appointed custodian of an estate and of orphan children
in 1644. He died between 11 Oct 1654 and Jan 1656.

He was the 9th great-grandfather of my mother-in-law, Connie.

John Bean and the Battle of Worcester, 1651

John was born in Scotland around 1634. In 1651, at the age of sixteen he was a
young soldier in General Monk’s army in 1651 which went forth with the
design to place Charles II as king on the throne which was vacant by the
execution of his father King Charles I. On Septamber 3, 1651, roughly
12,000 Royalist, Scottish troops were holed up in the English town of
Worcester. This battle became known as the "Battle of Worcester". During
the 10 hour battle roughly 3,000 Royalists were killed and 7,000 taken
prisoner. John was captured by English Soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell and
was jailed as a prisoner of war, likely at Tuthill Fields prison in London.
In 1651, he was released from prison on condition that he be deported to
the colonies as an indentured servant. Indentured servitude usually lasted
7 years. John's ship landed in Boston. John worked for Nicholas Lissen in
his sawmill as an indentured servent in Exeter, New Hampshire. Alexander
Gordon also worked for Nicholas Lissen, although not as an indentured
servant.John Bean, Henry Magoon, and Alexander Gordon were lifetime friends
and lived very similar lives, all being captured in battle and marrying the three
daughters of Nicholas Lissen.
In October 10, 1664 he married Nicholas Lissen's daughter, Hannah
Lissen in Exeter, New Hampshire and was given twenty acres of land as dowry
by his father-in-law. Hannah and John had three children. Hannah died in
childbirth of their third child. John eventually married
Margaret and had another 9 children.

John was of the signers of the New Hampshire petition. In
1675 he may have enlisted in the colonists army to help defend the colony
against the Indian chief, King Philip. In 1695, John may again have
enlisted in the army, serving in Capt. Kingsley Hall's company in "King
Williams War". John died in Exeter, New Hampshire in 1717 at the age of 83
and is buried in the Church Yard of the Congrestional Church.
"The tax lists and other sources of information show that Exeter also
profited by this chattel slavery, as Nicholas Lissen of the latter place is
credited with being master of some of the Worcester prisoners."

Bean states that an expatriate Scotsman by the name of Nicholas Lissen "was
operating two lumber mills near Exeter, N.H." in 1651.
Following Stackpole, he states that "the seven men who were indentured to
Nicholas Lissen were: John Bean, John Barber, Alexander Gordon, John
Sinclair, John Hudson, John Thompson, and Walter Jackson. All were to be
lifetime friends of John Bean."

John Bean is the 8th great grandfather of my mother-in-law, Connie.

Luther Fitz and Elizabeth French Hazelton

Luther Fitz lived at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United
States of America. He was born on 13 Jan
1819 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of America, son of Captain
Benjamin Fitts and Susannah Dearborn. He
married Elizabeth French Hazelton, daughter of Josiah Hazelton
and Sarah Emerson, on 22 May 1845 at Chester, Rockingham, New
Hampshire, United States of America. He and Elizabeth French Fitz
appeared on the census of 1850 at Charlestown, Middlesex, Massachusetts,
United States of America. He and Elizabeth French Fitz appeared on
the census of 1860 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of
America. He was taxed for a carriage in 1866 at Chester, Rockingham, New
Hampshire, United States of America. He and Elizabeth French Fitz
appeared on the census of 1870 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire,
United States of America. His barn was hit by lightning on 18 Aug
1875 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of America. He
died on 13 Mar 1877 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of
America, at age 58. He was buried at Chester Village Cemetery, Chester,
Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of America.

Elizabeth French Hazelton was also known as Elizabeth French
Haselton. She was born on 10
Dec 1817 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of America.
She married Luther Fitz on 22 May 1845 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States
of America. She appeared on the census of 1880 at Chester,
Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of America. She appeared on the
census of 1900 at Chester, Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of
America. She died on 10 Oct 1901 at Faribault, Rice, Minnesota, United
States of America, at age 83. Obituary says Mrs. Luther Fitz, of Chester, N.H., who
came here last week to visit her daughter, Mrs. A.J.Grant, died this
morning at ther daughter's residence. The remains will be shipped to New
Hampshire this evening. Deceased was 84 years of age on 11 Oct 1901 at
Faribault, Rice, Minnesota, United States of America. She was buried at
Chester Village Cemetery, Chester,
Rockingham, New Hampshire, United States of America.